4/6/2023 0 Comments Clay skipper![]() ![]() The structure of the double layer that forms in swelling clay mineral interlayers has been the object of much geochemical research ( 12), but only in recent years, aided especially by insights gained from studies of concentrated aqueous ionic solutions ( 13), has the powerful tandem mix of spectroscopy and molecular modeling been able to clarify matters. Major impact on industrial organic synthesis comes in the many designed catalysts developed from clay minerals with adsorbed polymeric cations ( 8). In engineered settings, clay mineral swelling promoted by Na + adsorption plays a significant role in petroleum extraction ( 6) and in the construction of environmental liners ( 7). Clay minerals precipitated from seawater in nearshore depositional environments can similarly influence the geochemical cycles of metal cations such as K + ( 4), as well as the oceanic buffering of atmospheric CO 2 on a global scale ( 5). Metal nutrients such as K + or Ca 2+ are retained in temperate-zone soils on negatively charged clay mineral surfaces but eventually can be released for consumption in the biosphere or for buffering these soils against excess acidity brought in by applied fertilizers or contaminated rainwater ( 3). This small particle size, in turn, endows these minerals with an important surface reactivity that plays a major role in the terrestrial biogeochemical cycling of metals, in the chemical homeostasis of the oceans, and in a broad variety of managed processes, including oil and gas production, industrial catalysis, pharmaceutical delivery, and radioactive waste disposal. Their name derives from the micrometer-sized particles into which they crystallize. The clay minerals are layer-type aluminosilicates, ubiquitous on our planet in geologic deposits, terrestrial weathering environments, and marine sediments ( 1, 2). This picture extends readily to hydrophobic molecules adsorbed within an interlayer region, with important implications for clay–hydrocarbon interactions and the design of catalysts for organic synthesis. The larger the interlayer cation, the greater the influence of clay mineral structure and hydrophobicity on the configurations of adsorbed water molecules. One emerging trend is that the coordination of interlayer cations with water molecules and clay mineral surface oxygens is governed largely by cation size and charge, similarly to a concentrated ionic solution, but the location of structural charge within a clay layer and the existence of hydrophobic patches on its surface provide important modulations. Recent experimental and computational studies that take advantage of new methodologies and basic insights derived from the study of concentrated ionic solutions have begun to clarify the structure of electrical double layers formed on hydrated clay mineral surfaces, particularly those in the interlayer region of swelling 2:1 layer type clay minerals. Unraveling the surface geochemistry of hydrated clay minerals is an abiding, if difficult, topic in earth sciences research. ![]() These applications derive fundamentally from the colloidal size and permanent structural charge of clay mineral particles, which endow them with significant surface reactivity. ![]() They are also used as lubricants in petroleum extraction and as industrial catalysts for the synthesis of many organic compounds. And judging by Green's comments, it doesn't appear Golden State is beginning to get complacent after winning two titles in three years.Clay minerals are layer type aluminosilicates that figure in terrestrial biogeochemical cycles, in the buffering capacity of the oceans, and in the containment of toxic waste materials. They retained all of their key players from last year, and they should be even more fluid on the offensive end since Durant has had a full year in Steve Kerr's system. Still, the West is the Warriors' to lose. The Oklahoma City Thunder acquired Paul George and Carmelo Anthony, the Houston Rockets added Chris Paul and the Minnesota Timberwolves traded for Jimmy Butler. The Cavs were thoroughly outclassed in the Finals and had no answer for Kevin Durant, who won Finals MVP after averaging 35.2 points, 8.2 rebounds and 5.4 assists in the series.Ī number of Western Conference teams loaded up this offseason in order to try and keep pace with Golden State. Green's confidence is more than warranted. ![]() That's the fun part about it: They know they don't stand a chance." You sit back and think, like, these motherf-kers, they know. It's pretty f-king sick to see how everybody is just in a f-king panic about what to do. " And that's the second best team in the world. " That'd never been done! They don't come out and hit twenty-four threes and they're swept," Green said to Skipper. ![]()
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